After hearing from both sides of the argument about imperialism, I feel that imperialism is wrong because of moral and political, racial and economic reasons. Social Darwinism is the very idea that a more powerful country conquer the smaller countries. In imperialism, the stronger countries took over the weaker countries and used them for their resources which improved their economy. To this day, the Kurds are a stateless nation, with their territory spanning across 4 nation-states: Turkey, Syria, Iraq and Iran (see map, below). It also damaged the cultures and created disunity among the natives. No matter where you draw its borders, it's a contested term. Imperialism is sometimes justified because sometimes other nations can help the more needy nations, but other times it is just complete chaos. Soon, American and Soviet influence arrived as both superpowers sought to gain allies in their Cold War struggle against each other. European valued things metals, cotton, iron. Edward Said the author of Orientalism said that Orientalism was ultimately a political vision of reality whose structure promoted the difference between the familiar (Europe, West, "us") and the strange (the Orient, the East, "them"). The nineteenth century was a period of imperialism and tourism that led many western artists to visit West Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. But the borders drawn by Europeans reflected European priorities. For a decade after World War I the great expectations for a better world inspired by the League of Nations put the problem of imperialism once more in abeyance. The following excerpt from T.E Lawrences intelligence memo in January 1916 proves it:The Revolt is beneficial to us, because it marches with our immediate aims, the breakup of the Islamic bloc and the defeat and disruption of the Ottoman Empire, and because the states [Sharif Hussein] would set up to succeed the Turks would beharmless to ourselvesThe Arabs are even less stable than the Turks. Many European countries had set up their colonies in many parts of the world such as Africa, Asia, and Latin America. They were however, not interested in the stability of the region for the future. The sultans, like the Russian tsars, were primarily motivated by the desire to acquire land and wealth, whereas the overseas European empire builders sought raw materials and markets. Some negative effects include, unfair working conditions, union strikes, pollution and child labor. The Islamist insurgency that erupted in Algeria in the 1990s was viewed as principally if not totally cultural in nature. Countries during the Industrial Revolution wanted to imperialize due to social, political, and economic reasons. Britain's Moment in the Middle East 19141971, new revised edition. Imperialism had an overall negative effect on the indigenous people of Asia and Africa. Nochlin mentioned that many of Grmes paintings worked to persuade their audiences by carefully representing a "preexisting Oriental reality.. Retrieved February 23, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/imperialism-middle-east-and-north-africa. Even after Egypt gained independence in 1922, the Suez Canal Company continued to own and profit from the canal. They have joined his religion and they help to uphold his government. (Achebe, 155) Another way imperialism destroyed cultures began at the Berlin Conference where Europeans met up to divide Africa. A treaty was signed by Menelik with the Italians noticed a difference in the language of Ethiopia and Italian, Many things contributed to the negative effects imperialism brought upon many countries. Now that youve skimmed the article, you should preview the questions you will be answering. Imperialism is a type of advocacy of empire, it originated from the latin word imperium. Their rivals were the Holy Roman Empire (later Austria-Hungary), the Russian Empire, and the Iranian state of the Safavids and their successors, which was sometimes called an empire despite its much smaller size because it was multilingual, multiethnic, and periodically expansive. Remind them of how quick imperial powers have been to incite violence whenever their access to Middle Eastern oil was threatened. Iraq and Iran, both situated in the Middle East, are areas Ohad Leslau 48 Middle East Review of International Affairs, Vol. Imperialism, according to this view, is an inevitable stage of a capitalist system that needs to expand in order to survive. At the end of the third read, you should be able to respond to these questions: Photo of three Middle Eastern leaders from Saudi Arabia, Syria, and Egypt smiling with their hands joined together in the air. That expansion did not seriously affect the Maghreb or Egypt, however, until the nineteenth century, and, except economically, it did not affect the most populous areas of southwest Asia until the early twentieth century. The British Raj was the rule of Britain in India between 1858 and 1947. DEFINITIONS The US has been involved in Middle Eastern politics for decades, and many of its policies and decisions . Africa is home to countless resources including cocoa, diamonds, as well as metals such as iron and copper. World History Project - 1750 to the Present. For instance, many European methods of education were adopted, and the studies of liberty and democracy led to the Enlightment, as well as many political revolutions. The lifeline to India had to be protected from the Russians; before 1917, from the Tsar and post-1917, from the Soviet Communists. But beginning in the nineteenth century, the empire began to decline, and many of its territories fell to European control. Monroe, Elizabeth. The Islamic religion provided a bond for most people under Ottoman rule, whereas European Christianity remained a culturally elitist, minority faith in the parts of the European empires that did not have large colonies of European settlers or where religions of comparable sophistication, such as Islam, impeded religious conversion. What countries does the region include? Armenians and Kurds looked to the peace negotiators to grant them independence from outside control, even if it meant accepting some measure of European protection. The supposed unity was nothing but a response to an imperialist enemy. Some argue it includes everything between Egypt and India. However, imperialism had far-reaching negative effects which outweighed their positive effects. A few of the most important positive effects of the I.R. British interest in doing away with the Ottomans led to the mobilization of large groups in the Arabian peninsula against the Empire. Huntington visualized a future in which an undefined Islamic civilization was destined to conflict with a similarly undefined Western civilization, and he called for the formulation of a strategy that would assure Western victory in such a confrontation. The main forces driving European Imperialism in Africa were the capabilities of the European countries economies and the opportunity for more wealth and money. Imperialism is generally defined as a phenomenon that began with the overseas expansion of Europe in the fifteenth century. Imperialism for them is part of the natural struggle for survival. Marxist theoreticians interpret imperialism as a late stage of capitalism wherein the national capitalist economy has become monopolistic and is forced to conquer outlets for its overproduction and surplus capital in competition with other capitalist states. Negative Effects By breaking up the age-old patterns of the agrarian economy in the colonies and by forcing them to grow commercial crops, they destroyed the self-sufficiency of their rural society. In the 1800s, these resources were very valuable, especially to Europe. Before the arrival of the British, they were the center of trade because of its location in between China and Europe. You can find out more about which cookies we are using or switch them off in settings. Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa. The tyrannical empire of the Assyrians was replaced (6th4th century bce) by that of the Persians, in strong contrast to the Assyrian in its liberal treatment of subjected peoples, assuring it long duration. Many people in different countries found this important. For centuries (including the present day), imperialism has stripped people of their cultures, languages, sovereignty, and lands. arabisrael war (1948); The fact that the Indian people lacked unity and were divided by geographical means meant that Britain could claim India as its colony. Soon, many other European leaders began to realize that Africa was rich with natural resources (Background Essay). We do things with military force. Their fear is that the granting of aid or the supply of skilled personnel for economic and technical development might be an imperialist guise. These motives tend to believe its purpose is gaining additional wealth, power, and control. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Keys to Understanding the Middle East by Alam Payind and Melinda McClimans is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Negative Effects Of Imperialism. Cookie information is stored in your browser and performs functions such as recognising you when you return to our website and helping our team to understand which sections of the website you find most interesting and useful. Omissions? It resulted in slave trade, caused cultures to be destroyed and took away countries natural resources. Economically, the negative impression of imperialism evolved into loss of land, economy and livestock.. Originating around 1300, the Ottoman Empire eventually expanded to include most of the Balkans and the Black Sea area, Anatolia, the Fertile Crescent, and northern Africa as far west as the borders of Morocco. Western imperialism, characterized by a colossal power inequality between the colonizers, located in the west, and the colonized, located in the East, was owing to the Middle East regions' potentials of industrialization, geographical locations and most importantly, oil. You had the nuclear deal, which was very much a carrot. Imperialism was both, good and bad. Thus the Europeans had a greater impact on the international division of labor than did the Ottomans, although this analytical distinction was not necessarily reflected in the attitudes of the imperialists and their subjects. French North Africa: The Maghrib between Two World Wars. It all starts with the British East India Company in 1757. This article, we will provide an overview of British colonialism and imperialism, from the early explorations of the 15th century to its height in the 19th century. Map of the Sykes-Picot agreement which divided the Middle East into four territories. Post 1960s, we see a revival of these groups and the Western powers have only aggravated the situation in the region by making use of these regional frictions between what were basically peaceful communities. Because it always involves the use of power, whether military or economic or some subtler form, imperialism has often been considered morally reprehensible. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981. It also damaged the cultures and created disunity among the natives. It was nothing but a political expediency. Chinua Achebe powerfully expressed this through his book Things Fall Apart: Our own men and sons have joined the rank of a stranger. This arbitrary division fomented tensions in the region, as now, different sects and ethnic groups, who lived peacefully under the Ottomans for four centuries, mainly because of its decentralized rule, now had an Arab ruler acting as the puppet for the European imperialists. Imperialism results from a complex of causes in which in varying degrees economic pressures, human aggressiveness and greed, the search for security, the drive for power and prestige, nationalist emotions, humanitarianism, and many other factors are effective. The army coup that terminated British control of Egypt in 1952 was followed by the Suez War in 1956 in which Britain, in alliance with France and Israel, attempted to regain control of the Suez Canal. Corrections? Canada An effort was made by European countries to draw boundaries, and in fact to move substantial populations, in ways which would create nation-states which aligned with the national identities of their inhabitants. An example would be Rwanda and Burundi, which used to be two separate regions until the Europeans put them as one during the Scramble for Africa. 23 Feb. 2023 . Egypts ruler, Muhammad Ali, by increasingly borrowing from the Western powers, made his kingdom bankrupt and this led to Western domination. Calls for a decolonization of history and exposure of Orientalist fantasies have come mainly from secularists such as Morocco's Abdallah Laroui and the Palestinian Edward Said. Where does the term Middle East come from? Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. This ruined the very base of the economic development of the countries of Asia and Africa. They ruined the traditional handicrafts and cottage industry of the colonies and rendered many people jobless. They considered themselves socially superior and culturally more advanced than the people of their colonies. The East India Company gradually became rulers from traders and eventually dominated the whole of India. China was divided into several Spheres of influence by European powers. However, the date of retrieval is often important. It isnt too hard for one to make the assumption that the small, underdeveloped countries are not going to be able to assert control, therefore, because the developing countries are not WEIRD, they will be the ones taken over. Imperialism first started in 1870, when Europe wanted to take over most of Africa. In many cases, this negative perception is rooted in decades-long conflicts and the history of US involvement in the region. This mixture of motivations makes it difficult to eliminate imperialism but also easy for states considering themselves potential victims to suspect it in policies not intended to be imperialistic. Map of the globe with countries that make up the Middle East highlighted in green. However, when greed takes over, it can lead to the destruction of many nations. Imperialism is when a country extends their power to other countries. After World War I, many of these countries were indeed reincarnated as they began to rebuild after sustaining the impacts of war, famine and cultural hegemony. Though some historians say that British interest in a Jewish national home was because of sympathisers in Westminster, there is a strong argument that the British wanted control of the Holy Land only to protect its interests in the Egypt and the Suez Canal, vital to the imperialist project. In conclusion, imperialism had countless negative effects on the world today. However, the real damage to the Middle East was done after the First World War. Direct imperial domination had evoked a fairly uniform nationalist reaction throughout the region, but the more nebulous concept of cultural imperialism led its proponents in different directions. But no one can seem to agree on where the Middle East is. Examples from history include Greek imperialism under Alexander the Great and Italian imperialism under Benito Mussolini. Said, Edward. Impact Of Imperialism On The Middle East, Africa, And Asia, Imperialism is defined as a policy of extending a country 's power and influence through diplomacy or military force. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1967. Incorporated: 1880 a, The relatively uncritical adoption of first European and then North America cultural and sociopolitical attitudes and practices on the part of the no, Imperialism (Possession of Colonies) Issue, Imperial Valley College: Narrative Description, Imperialism, Colonialism, and Decolonization. Soon many native people began to convert to Christianity and this resulted in disunity among the people as they turned against each other. After World War I, many of these countries were indeed "reincarnated" as they began to rebuild after sustaining the impacts of war, famine and cultural hegemony. Read More It led to slave trade which then led to social discrimination around the world. Opines that imperialism in the middle east has led to war of all sorts and should be avoided. Europeans used military, political, and economic power to take over weaker countries. In 1881 France occupied Tunisia and subsequently imposed a protectorate upon its Husaynid beys. Imperialism impacted societies in countless negative ways. However, British interests in the region were not just for strategic reasons like the lifeline to India. By the early twentieth century, it was fairly certain that the region had the largest oil reserves in the world. Although imperialism had several negative impacts on certain regions, it lead to the introduction of a better government system and improvement in technology. Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. If you're interested in writing for International Policy Digest - please send us an email via submissions@intpolicydigest.org. 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30 مارس، 2023
