The hull of fruitwood, plank on frame, fastened with scale trenails. Built in 1945 in Sweden she was constructed using those quickly disappearing techniques and skills that we are trying to preserve. [87][92], The surrender of British General John Burgoyne's army at Saratoga brought France into the war, and in the summer of 1778 a pincer plan was agreed to recapture Newport: the Continental Army would approach overland, and a French fleet would sail into the harbour. [129][130] While it reflects the external dimensions of Cook's vessel, this replica was constructed with a steel rather than a timber frame, has one less internal deck than the original, and is not designed to go to sea. Iron and stone ballast, spoiled stores and all but four of the ship's guns were thrown overboard, and the ship's drinking water pumped out. Nevertheless, its incredible that both Endeavour and Resolution, two of the most important exploration vessels of the Age of Enlightenment, likely finished their careers there, Kevin says. [97] This was swiftly disputed by the British consul in Rhode Island, who wrote claiming that Endeavour had been bought from Mather by the French in 1790 and renamed Libert. The object's physical appearance resembles a dark grey boulder. UNESCO says thats not the best use of a shipwreck anyway, she explains, adding that a complete excavation is not needed to prove this is Endeavour, and would expose it to oxygen and marine life that would degrade it. [42] Unfamiliar with such ships, the Mori people at Cook's first landing point in Poverty Bay thought the ship was a floating island, or a gigantic bird from their mythical homeland of Hawaiki. 5s. Endeavour was scuttled on 4 August 1778 and Cooks own demise followed just six months later, on 14 February 1779. But diving here, studying, and even just finding the wrecks, is difficult because visibility is poor and most of what remains of the 240-year-old wrecks is buried beneath the muddy seabed. How Captain Cook became a contested national symbol, Transit of Venus: a tale of two expeditions. She was not seeking Endeavour in fact, as an American, it was barely on her radar. Her hull, internal floors, and futtocks were built from traditional white oak, her keel and stern post from elm, and her masts from pine and fir. This month, a joint diving team has worked to measure and inspect these sites, drawing upon knowledge of Endeavours size to identify a likely candidate. Earl of Pembroke was built in Pukavik, Sweden as Orion in 1945 and used to haul timber in the Baltic Sea until 1974 when she was laid up in Thisted, Denmark. In 1768, the Royal Navy bought her for a trip to the South Seas. [60] By 26 August she was out of sight of land, and had entered the open waters of the Torres Strait between Australia and New Guinea, earlier navigated by Luis Vez de Torres in 1606. Trips for tourists take them along the coast to Sandsend. In this case, the research proved that the stern post on display at the ANMM was not that of Endeavour, but instead belonged to Resolution. The first, under the command of sailing master John Dykes, was to deliver "sufficient provisions to serve 350 men to the end of the year 1772";[80] she sailed from Portsmouth on 8 November 1771, but due to terrible weather did not arrive at Port Egmont (the British base in the Falkland Islands) until 1 March. In 1886, the Working Men's Progress Association of Cooktown sought to recover the sixcannon thrown overboard when Endeavour grounded on the Great Barrier Reef. [43] On 15 August, Endeavour finally turned south to explore the open ocean for Terra Australis Incognita. During her travels, Endeavour and her crew would chart an entirely new hemisphere. A third cannon and the bower anchor were displayed at the James Cook Museum in Cooktown,[117] with the remaining three at the National Maritime Museum in London, the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia,[114] and the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa in Wellington. It was more of the cult of the individual, Kevin says. [126], The replica Endeavour visited various European ports[127] before undertaking her final ocean voyage from Whitehaven to Sydney Harbour on 8 November 2004. But as we celebrate the spirit of exploration that saw a humble coal carrier circumnavigate the globe and the same spirit of exploration that has led to its discovery centuries later we must also make space for the unsettling stories that will resurface as a result of this discovery. [36], The first port of call was Funchal in the Madeira Islands, which Endeavour reached on 12 September. This was the Age of Enlightenment, and British ambitions knew no bounds. Four years later, it was renamed Endeavour by Britain's navy and was readied for a major scientific voyage to the Pacific. The ship had started to take on water through a hole in her hull. But now this almighty raptor, affectionately known as The Red, has become our nations rarest bird of prey. From 1768 to 1771, the Endeavour sailed the South Pacific, ostensibly to record the transit of Venus in Tahiti in 1769. [81] Samuel Clayton also wrote an account.[82]. [48], When, by Cook's reckoning, about 40 to 50 long tons (41 to 51t) of equipment had been thrown overboard, on the next high tide a second unsuccessful attempt was made to pull the ship free. She narrowly avoided disaster after running aground on the Great Barrier Reef, and Cook had to throw her guns overboard to lighten her. Fifty-seven small pieces of coral concretion, some showing reinforc. [15], On 16 February 1768, the Royal Society petitioned King George III to finance a scientific expedition to the Pacific to study and observe the 1769 transit of Venus across the sun. Her name was Earl of Pembroke. Earl of Pembroke is an authentic wooden sailing vessel rigged as three masted barque. To keep Endeavour's voyages and discoveries secret, Cook confiscated the log books and journals of all on board and ordered them to remain silent about where they had been. [11][84] Mather returned her to sea for at least one commercial voyage to Archangel in Russia. It wasnt until his second and third voyage, and especially after he was killed, that he becomes the great icon.. The ship itself was more incidental.. [15] While her main and foremast standing spars were standard for her shipyard and era,[16] an annotation on one surviving ship plan in the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich[17] has the mizzen as "16yards 29inches" (15.4m). Painting by Thomas Luny, 1790. [26] The new cabins provided around 2 square metres (22sqft) of floorspace apiece being allocated to Cook and the Royal Society representatives: naturalist Joseph Banks, Banks' assistants Daniel Solander and Herman Spring, astronomer Charles Green, and artists Sydney Parkinson and Alexander Buchan. Well, that kind of coincidence happens in history a lot.. The restoration was designed with festivals and film work in mind. ^[d] The pressed man was John Thurman, born in New York but a British subject and therefore eligible for involuntary impressment aboard a Royal Navy vessel. Ostensibly sailing to the South Pacific to observe the 1769 Transit of Venus, Cook was also under orders to search for the fabled southern continent. [121] The shuttle's name in turn inspired the naming of the SpaceX Crew Dragon Endeavour, the first such capsule to launch crew. [124] The replica vessel commenced her maiden voyage in October of that year, sailing to Sydney Harbour and then following Cook's path from Botany Bay northward to Cooktown. TNA ADM 106/3402 5 February 1776. [113] Australian Prime Minister Joseph Lyons described the section of keel as "intimately associated with the discovery and foundation of Australia". She reached Tahiti on 10 April,[41] where she remained for the next three months. In 1768 the Royal Navy agreed to support a scientific expedition to Tahiti by providing a ship and its crew. [11], On 21 July 1768, Endeavour sailed to Gallion's Reach to take on armaments to protect her against potentially hostile Pacific island natives. Minutes of the Royal Navy Victualling Board, 15 June 1768, cited in Beaglehole 1968, p. 613, Australian National Maritime Museum, Sydney, Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World, European and American voyages of scientific exploration, "Shipwreck confirmed as Captain Cook's Endeavour after 22-year search", John F. Kennedy Space Center Space Shuttle, "Endeavour (1768) National Maritime Museum- ZAZ6594", "Secret Instructions to Lieutenant Cook 30July 1768 (UK)", A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels, Vol. Plans are now under way to raise funds to excavate and conduct scientific testing in 2019. [20] Royal approval was granted for the expedition, and the Admiralty elected to combine the scientific voyage with a confidential mission to search the south Pacific for signs of the postulated continent Terra Australis Incognita (or "unknown southern land"). From 1768 to 1771 Endeavour sailed the South Pacific, primarily to record the transit of Venus in Tahiti in 1769. [39] At last, on 16 January the wind eased and the ship was able to pass the Cape and anchor in the Bay of Good Success on the Pacific coast. Another ship there at that time was HMS Siren, captained by Tobias Furneaux, who had commanded Adventure on Cook's second voyage. [12], A flat-bottomed design made her well-suited to sailing in shallow waters and allowed her to be beached for loading and unloading of cargo and for basic repairs without requiring a dry dock. Many believed it had been renamed La Libert and put to use as a French whaling ship before succumbing to rotting timbers in Newport Harbour in 1793. Whatever the reason, considerably rebuilt internally to transport men, specimens and equipment, the Earl of Pembroke was transmuted into the Endeavour. While everyone knows it as Cooks HMB (His Majestys Bark) Endeavour, it had a series of other lives it was a collier, Earl of Pembroke; a troop transport to the Falklands; and finally, Lord Sandwich, which played a part in the American Revolution. Endeavour was a ship with many lives, famously carrying James Cook on his first great voyage to the Pacific islands. From there they sailed west to the Dutch colony of Batavia for repairs, before making the long journey home. Between 3 and 6 August a fleet of Royal Navy and hired craft, including Lord Sandwich 2, were scuttled at various locations in the Bay. In 1775 Mather submitted Endeavour as a transport ship,[86] being rejected. [31] These were accompanied by two privately owned skiffs, one belonging to the boatswain John Gathrey, and the other to Banks. Finding a shipwreck is not impossible, but finding the one youre looking for is hard. Carpenter's Report, J. Seetterly, 10 October 1770, cited in Hosty and Hundley 2003, pp. She was bought by the Navy in 1768 for a scientific mission to the Pacific Ocean. [136] HMS Endeavour was a British Royal Navy research vessel that Lieutenant James Cook commanded to Australia and New Zealand on his first voyage of discovery from 1768 to 1771. One problem has been the many names the vessel was known by during its lifetime. So we chose the largest wreck that was exposed the most, that had timbers on it, that had some cannons exposed, says Kevin. The French had by then entered the war on the side of the Americans, and with a fleet of their warships poised to take Newport, Lord Sandwich was among 13 vessels deliberately sunk in formation by the British to block access to the harbour. Despite the fact the ANMM would dearly like to find. Concretion. [22] In refusing Dalrymple's command, Hawke was influenced by previous insubordination aboard the sloop HMSParamour in 1698, when naval officers had refused to take orders from civilian commander Dr. Edmond Halley. Lord Sandwich 2 carried 206 men mainly from the Hessian du Corps regiment of Hessian mercenaries. Cook noted that the seas off the Cape were large enough to regularly submerge the bow of the ship as she rode down from the crests of waves. ^[f] A number of British vessels were sunk in local waters in the days leading up to the 2930 August 1778, Battle of Rhode Island. Our assumption is that it is the later uses of the vessel as the Lord Sandwich the transport, her involvement in the Revolutionary War, holding prisoners onboard that are most likely to provide the evidence, Kathy explains. Cooks time in Australia was over, and although he would lead two more voyages of discovery, Endeavour was in a woeful state and no longer suitable to meet the rigours of such journeys. By August 1778, she was being used as a prison hulk holding American revolutionaries in Rhode Islands Newport Harbour. Cannons covered in dense marine growth and mineral concretions are the only thing that might hint at a shipwreck to the casual observer, and they are what led to the discovery of RI 2394 and then its mapping in 2007. How many people in their career overturn an idea that has been around for 170 years?. . Endeavour was beached on the Australian mainland for seven weeks to permit rudimentary repairs to her hull. (Some think Luny painted another ship after Endeavour became famous.). These included traces of leather, textiles, glass, ceramics, coal and ballast, as well as a gunflint fragment and a fragment of a kaolin pipe stem manufactured between 1750 and 1800, says Dr Kerry Lynch, an archaeologist at the University of Massachusetts Amherst and RIMAPs field director. From filming to festivals to passengers and trainees she can cater for almost everything. It also appeared at a number of festivals, such as the Southampton Boat Show and Liverpool Maritime . [13] Plans of the ship also show a double keelson to lock the keel, floors and frames in place. A suspension bridge stretches across Narragansett Bay behind her. On 17 January two of Banks' servants died from cold while attempting to return to the ship during a heavy snowstorm. She was sold out Service Called Endeavour Bark refused before". Copyright 20102023, The Conversation US, Inc. Endeavour, then known as Earl of Pembroke, leaving Whitby Harbour in 1768. Some damaged timbers were found to be infested with shipworms, which required careful removal to ensure they did not spread throughout the hull. Earl of Pembroke a fost construit n Pukavik, Suedia ca Orion n 1945 i obinuia s trag cherestea n Marea Baltic pn n 1974, cnd a fost depus n Thisted, Danemarca.. Restaurare. ^[c] Provisions loaded at the outset of the voyage included 6,000 pieces of pork and 4,000 of beef, nine tons of bread, five tons of flour, three tons of sauerkraut, one ton of raisins and sundry quantities of cheese, salt, peas, oil, sugar and oatmeal. She was launched in 1764 as the collier Earl of Pembroke, with the Navy purchasing her in 1768 for a scientific mission to the Pacific Ocean and to exp Cited in Baines. He died of disease on 3 February 1771, during the voyage between Batavia and Cape Town. Its a relatively unknown end for HMB Endeavour, but its also interesting for such a significant vessel to end up in an engagement so fundamental to the British decision to colonise Australia.. [97] It was later suggested Libert, which sank off Newport in 1793, was in fact another of Cook's ships, the former HMS Resolution,[98] or another Endeavour, a naval schooner sold out of service in 1782. The ship was promptly beached on the southern bank and careened to make repairs to the hull. Within a week of her return to England, she was directed to Woolwich Dockyard for refitting as a naval transport. [15] If correct, this would produce an oddly truncated mast a full 9 feet (2.7m) shorter than the naval standards of the day. The small scale model ship of Cook's Endeavour is handmade from scratch. Kathy formed RIMAP in 1993 to study some of the wrecks of those involved in the American Revolution. As part of the restoration, her rig was changed from the original schooner to barque type (to resemble the famous HMS ENDEAVOUR on which Captain Cook discovered Australia) and she was renamed as EARL OF PEMBROKE. ^[b] In today's terms, this equates to a valuation for Endeavour of approximately 265,000 and a purchase price of 326,400. (Some think Luny painted another ship after Endeavour became famous.) The transit of Venus across the Sun occurred on 3 June, and was observed and recorded by astronomer Charles Green from Endeavour's deck. [128], A second full-size replica of Endeavour was berthed on the River Tees in Stockton-on-Tees before being moved to Whitby. There are more than 230 historic wrecks in this important colonial harbour. [34] Cook also ordered that twelve tons of pig iron be brought on board as sailing ballast. As soon as the mistake was realised, redoubled efforts kept the pumps ahead of the leak. When the British knew the French were coming, they told the navy vessels to destroy themselves, says Kathy, who is at once knowledgeable and formidable. Following a dispute with islanders, he was stabbed to death on the beach at Hawaiis Kealakekua Bay, where Resolution was moored for repairs. Endeavour was the ship that Captain Cook sailed to Australia and New Zealand on his first voyage of discovery from 1768 to 1771. . [11] She was a type known locally as the 'Whitby Cat'. As the first European seafaring vessel to reach the east coast of Australia, the Endeavour much like James Cook himself has become part of Australias national mythology. [102] In 2016 RIMAP concluded that there was a probability of 80 to 100% that the wreck of Endeavour was still in Newport Harbor, probably one of a cluster of five wrecks on the seafloor, and planned to investigate the ships and their artifacts further. RIMAP's lead investigator stated that "there has been no indisputable data found to prove the site is that iconic vessel, and there are many unanswered questions that could overturn such an identification". Lord Sandwich was one of a number of transport ships deliberately sunk by the British in an attempt to prevent the French fleet from approaching the shore. [90] The scattered fleet assembled at Halifax then sailed to Sandy Hook where other ships and troops assembled. The remains of a cannon at shipwreck site RI 2394 off Newport, Rhode Island in the USA. It was critical in identifying the position of Lord Sandwich as being among a group of five of the 13 vessels to the north-west of Goat Island. Its flat-bottomed hull and box-like shape, designed to transport bulk cargo, later proved helpful when navigating the treacherous coral reefs of the southern seas. [29][30] The adjoining open mess deck provided sleeping and living quarters for the marines and crew, and additional storage space. Here, the ships fate become mysterious. Torn sails and rigging were also replaced and the hull scraped free of barnacles. Claims over the identification of the HMS Endeavour have sparked a row between . [124] Ownership of the replica was transferred to the Australian National Maritime Museum in 2005 for permanent service as a museum ship in Sydney's Darling Harbour. [131][132], The Russell Museum, in the Bay of Islands, New Zealand, has a sailing one-fifth scale replica of Endeavour. She was a collapsible vessel and was no sooner built than taken apart, and the pieces were stowed in Endeavour. Rhode Island volunteers have been searching for this vessel since 1993, slowly narrowing down the search area and eliminating potential contenders as they explore the often-murky waters of Newport Harbour. [46], Cook then ordered that the ship be lightened to help her float off the reef. [68] Jonathan Monkhouse, who had proposed fothering the ship to save her from sinking on the reef, died on 6 February, followed six days later by ship's carpenter John Seetterly, whose skilled repair work in Batavia had allowed Endeavour to resume her voyage. The vessel was 24 miles (39km) from shore[41] and the three ship's boats could not carry the entire crew. ORIGIN OF H.M. BARK ENDEAVOUR James Cook's ship Endeavour began service as a collier on the east coast of England; it was first built in 1764 as the Earl of Pembroke. [133], At Whitby the "Bark Endeavour Whitby" is a scaled-down replica of the original ship. Although Endeavours early days are well known, it has taken many years for researchers to piece together the rest of its story. [124] The replica Endeavour finally entered Sydney Harbour on 17 April 2005, having travelled 170,000 nautical miles (310,000km), including twice around the world. "[64] An inspection of the hull revealed that some unrepaired planks were cut through to within 18inch (3mm). Write an article and join a growing community of more than 160,300 academics and researchers from 4,571 institutions. Raising vessels is very expensive and is inappropriate. Surrounded by pieces of oakum from the fother, this coral fragment had helped plug the hole in the hull and preserved the ship from sinking on the reef. To prevent the latter the British commander, Captain John Brisbane, determined to blockade the bay by sinking surplus vessels at its mouth. Endeavour, then known as Earl of Pembroke, leaving Whitby Harbour in 1768. The Bark, Earl of Pembroke, later Endeavour, leaving Whitby Harbour in 1768. Because visibility is poor, photogrammetry has been critical as it allows the team to create digital models of the site that reveal the whole picture, allowing them to find clues to beams and other details of the ships structure. In April 1770, Endeavour became the first European ship to reach the east coast of Australia, with Cook going ashore at what is now known as Botany Bay. The ship became HMS Endeavour after it was selected as James Cook's exploring vessel The major transformation in the bark's life began in March 1768 when the vessel was selected for a speculative voyage to the South Seas (South Pacific). [139] Cook noted that disease of various kinds had broken out aboard every ship berthed in Batavia at the time, and that "this seems to have been a year of General sickness over most parts of India" and in England. [57], After waiting for the wind, Endeavour resumed her voyage on the afternoon of 5 August 1770, reaching the northernmost point of Cape York Peninsula fifteen days later. On 17 April Endeavour and Hound sailed for England with their crew. After protracted negotiations with a pastoral family in far northern New South Wales, the state government has bought more than 430,000ha of iconic Australian outback to be managed as national park. Both Kathy and Kevin Sumption, the director of Sydneys ANMM, believe the later renaming was to curry favour with John Montagu, the fourth Earl of Sandwich, who was Britains First Lord of the Admiralty and a patron of Cooks voyages. Just before 11pm on 11 June 1770, the ship struck a reef,[46] today called Endeavour Reef, within the Great Barrier Reef system. Today she is rigged as three masted barque resembling the famous Endeavour on board of which Captain Cook discovered Australia . When you get a model like that you can pull back and see the whole thing It was a eureka moment, says James. .mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}^[a] Other sources give Endeavour's length overall as 106ft (32m). The ship was launched in 1764 as the coal carrying ship Earl of Pembroke. Leaving at least half the wreck undisturbed also means that, in the future, archaeologists with better technology and better knowledge can come back and make discoveries that wouldnt be possible today. [65], After riding at anchor for two weeks, Endeavour was heaved out of the water on 9 November and laid on her side for repairs. Those expecting an entire ship to be recovered will be disappointed, as very little of it remains. The government assessed that if British ships and troops were engaged in America, Spain might seize the Falklands, capturing the small garrison at Port Egmont with maybe loss of life this, it was feared, would trigger an outcry which might topple the government. [124] Footage of waves shot while rounding Cape Horn on this voyage was later used in digitally composited scenes in the 2003 film Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World. In 1768 the British Admiralty purchased it to take an expedition of Royal Society scientists, as supernumeraries to the The ship had been built in the traditions of the 18C. Australian National Maritime Museum On 13 June, the ship came to a broad watercourse that Cook named the Endeavour River. Other ways Endeavour might be confirmed include finding repairs that match what was done to her either after her grounding in the Great Barrier Reef or in later refits, or finding unique quirks of her design, such as an unusual keelson structure that was added to vessels built at Whitby. [113], Searches were resumed for the lost Endeavour Reef cannon, but expeditions in 1966, 1967, and 1968 were unsuccessful. Over time, the number of possible sites was narrowed to five. Unlike Cook, who famously met his end on Hawaiian shores, the fate of the Endeavour had long been unknown. [50], As expected the leak increased once the ship was off the reef, and all three working pumps had to be continually manned. But once the Australian enthusiasts presented her with the first clue that Endeavour might lie among the 13 vessels RIMAP was investigating, she pulled together a small amount of money to get to London. [78] Under the command of Lieutenant James Gordon she then made three return voyages[79] to the Falkland Islands. BBC News", "Wreck of Captain Cook's HMS Endeavour 'discovered' off US coast", "Furious search team claim announcement Captain Cook's Endeavour has been found 'premature', "Captain Cook's ship found after long search", "Captain Cook's ship the Endeavour at centre of dispute over shipwreck discovery", "Ship fight: row erupts over wreck in US waters identified as Captain Cook's Endeavour", "Shipwreck of Captain Cook's Endeavour being eaten by 'termites of the ocean', expert says", "The Vernon Anchors and HMB Endeavour Cannon", "Cannon from HMB Endeavour, which was jettisoned on the Great Barrier Reef in 1770 and recovered in 1969", "Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa collections record online", "Crew Dragon's astronauts give their SpaceX spaceship a storied name: Endeavour", "HMB Endeavour replica the replica's story", "Shipyard "De Delft": April photo series", "Captain Cook's Endeavour replica comes "home" to Whitby", "Cook's Tour: Exploring "Captain Cook" Country", "Cook's Endeavour model at Russell Museum", "Captain Cook's Endeavour replica returns to Cleveland Centre", "Purchasing Power of British Pounds from 1264 to Present", "Frequently Asked Questions of the Sailing Navy Gallery", A table of the crew of Cook's Three Voyages 1768-1779, Captain Cook's Journal During the First Voyage Round the World, 1769 transit of Venus observed from Tahiti, Observations Made During a Voyage Round the World, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS_Endeavour&oldid=1134096187, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 17 January 2023, at 00:25. 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Shipwreck site RI 2394 off Newport, Rhode Island in the Madeira Islands, which Endeavour on. 41 ] where she remained for the next three months problem has been around for 170?... And join a growing community of more than 160,300 academics and researchers from 4,571 institutions 1770..., during earl of pembroke ship endeavour voyage between Batavia and Cape Town another ship after Endeavour became famous )! His end on Hawaiian shores, the Earl of Pembroke, leaving Whitby Harbour in for. Hook where other ships and troops assembled physical appearance resembles a dark grey boulder with scale.... A growing community of more than 160,300 academics and researchers from 4,571 institutions blockade the by... Moved to Whitby weeks to permit rudimentary repairs to her hull command of James... Transport men, specimens and equipment, the fate of the individual, Kevin.!, Endeavour finally turned South to explore the open ocean for Terra Australis Incognita important Harbour! Although Endeavours early days are well known, it was a ship with lives. Considerably rebuilt internally to transport men, specimens and equipment, the number of festivals such... Of Enlightenment, and Cook had to throw her guns overboard to lighten her the British commander, John. Was a type known locally as the 'Whitby Cat ' has been many... We are trying to preserve 15 August, Endeavour finally turned South to explore open. Sites was narrowed to five, then known as the mistake was,! ], a second full-size replica of Endeavour was a type known locally as the mistake was,... Kept the pumps ahead of the leak of it remains and Cape Town Woolwich Dockyard for as... In Tahiti in 1769 ship there at that time was HMS Siren captained. Discovered Australia they did not spread throughout the hull of fruitwood, plank on frame, fastened scale...
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